Note 3 – Significant Accounting Policies

A summary of the significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows:

Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Motus Ltd., an Israel corporation, which has operations in Tirat Carmel, Israel, and Motus Inc., a Delaware corporation, which has operations in the U.S. All inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. The Company reclassified short-term deposits to prepaid expenses and other current assets, other current liabilities to accounts payable and accrued expenses, revenue and cost of revenue to research and development expense, and finance income (expense), net to loss on change in estimated fair value of contingent royalty obligation and foreign currency (loss) gain.

Use of estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Functional currency and foreign currency translation

The functional currency of the Company, inclusive of foreign subsidiaries, is the U.S dollar (“dollar”) since the dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company has operated and expects to continue to operate in the foreseeable future. Transactions and balances denominated in dollars are presented at their original amounts. Transactions and balances denominated in foreign currencies have been re-measured to dollars in accordance with the provisions of ASC 830-10, “Foreign Currency Translation”. All transaction gains and losses from re-measurement of monetary balance sheet items denominated in non-dollar currencies are reflected in the statement of comprehensive loss as foreign currency (loss) gain, as appropriate.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investment securities with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Due to the short-term maturity of such investments, the carrying amounts are a reasonable estimate of fair value. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on-hand and highly-rated U.S. government backed money market fund investments.

Short-term investments

The Company invests all excess cash primarily in debt securities.

Investment securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity securities and are carried at amortized cost. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in finance income (expense), net over the term of the security. Investment securities not classified as held-to-maturity securities are classified as available-for-sale securities and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported in net loss. Gains and losses on the sale of available-for-sale securities are recorded on the trade date.

Management evaluates whether available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities are other-than-temporarily impaired (OTTI) on a quarterly basis. Debt securities with unrealized losses are considered OTTI if the Company intends to sell the security or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell such security prior to any anticipated recovery. If management determines that a security is OTTI under these circumstances, the impairment recognized in earnings is measured as the entire difference between the amortized cost and the then-current fair value. During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, no investment OTTI losses were realized.

The Company’s investment policy is focused on the preservation of capital, liquidity and return. From time to time, the Company may sell certain securities, but the objectives are generally not to generate profits on short-term differences in price.

Revenue Recognition 

The FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which provides a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The Company adopted this ASU effective January 1, 2018 on a full retrospective basis. Adoption of this standard did not result in significant changes to accounting policies, business processes, systems or controls, or have a material impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows or related disclosures. As such, prior period financial statements were not recast.

The Pure-Vu System – The Company developed a medical device system (a “Workstation”) and a single use disposable sleeve (a “Disposable”) designed to improve a colonoscopy procedure. The Company places its Workstations in a healthcare professional’s office at no charge. The Disposables are used in conjunction with the Workstation. The Company typically enters into agreements for an evaluation period that have terms of two and three months and can be extended for successive periods by written agreement by both the Company and the customer. The Company initially provides the customer with a free demonstration pack of Disposables so that the customer can evaluate both the Workstation and Disposables. After the evaluation period, the Company charges a fee for the Disposables shipped once the free demonstration pack was used. The Company recognizes revenue for the fees charged over the term of the arrangement, which equated to usage.

For the purposes of U.S. GAAP only, this type of arrangement is treated as a short term operating lease, and thus is outside the scope of ASC 606 and is accounted for in accordance with ASC 840, Leases. While this arrangement is not an operating lease contractually, this arrangement is viewed as an operating lease for accounting purposes since in this arrangement the Company provides the customer the rights to use the Workstation and Disposables, which are interdependent, and the customer controls physical access to the Workstation while controlling the utility and output during the term of the arrangement.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recognized revenue of $36 from the sale of Disposables which equates to the usage period of the Disposables over the term of the agreement.

The Company recorded no revenue during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts. The Company makes estimates for the allowance for doubtful accounts based upon its assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of our customers, current economic conditions, and other factors that may affect customers’ ability to pay. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.

Inventory

Inventories are stated at lower of cost or net realizable value using the weighted average cost method and are evaluated at least annually for impairment. Inventories at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of finished goods. Write-downs for potentially obsolete or excess inventory are made based on management’s analysis of inventory levels, historical obsolescence and future sales forecasts. For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, an inventory write-down charge of $364 and $72 was recorded, respectively, based on managements’ determination to use the inventory for clinical trials, training and demonstration purposes.

Deferred financing fees

Initial public offering (“IPO”) fees and expenses reflect costs directly attributable to the Company’s IPO process, which closed on February 16, 2018. The Company accounted for such costs in accordance with ASC 340-10, Other Assets and Deferred Costs. ASC 340 states that costs directly attributable to a successfully completed offering of equity securities may be deferred and charged against the gross proceeds of the offering as a reduction of additional paid-in capital. As of December 31, 2017, the Company recorded deferred financing fees in the amount of $602 in relation to its IPO. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the entire amount of deferred financing fees was recorded as additional paid in capital.

 Fixed assets, net

Fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated based on the straight-line method, at annual rates reflecting the estimated useful lives of the related assets, as follows:

Fixed assets, summarized by major category, consist of the following for the years ended:

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded a write down charge related to workstations used for evaluations (see Revenue Recognition above) of $332 and $0, respectively.

Stock-based compensation

The Company applies ASC 718-10, “Share-Based Payment,” which requires the measurement and recognition of compensation expenses for all share-based payment awards made to employees and directors including employee stock options under the Company’s stock plans based on estimated fair values.

ASC 718-10 requires companies to estimate the fair value of equity-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The fair value of the award is recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods in the Company’s statement of comprehensive loss. The Company recognizes share-based award forfeitures as they occur rather than estimate by applying a forfeiture rate. 

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation awards to non-employees in accordance with FASB ASC 505-50, “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” (“FASB ASC 505-50”). Under FASB ASC 505-50, the Company determines the fair value of the warrants or stock-based compensation awards granted as either the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable.

All issuances of stock options or other equity instruments to non-employees as consideration for goods or services received by the Company are accounted for based on the fair value of the equity instruments issued. Non-employee equity based payments are recorded as an expense over the service period, as if the Company had paid cash for the services. At the end of each financial reporting period, prior to vesting or prior to the completion of the services, the fair value of the equity based payments will be re-measured and the non-cash expense recognized during the period will be adjusted accordingly. Since the fair value of equity based payments granted to non-employees is subject to change in the future, the amount of the future expense will include fair value re-measurements until the equity based payments are fully vested or the service completed.

The Company recognizes compensation expense for the fair value of non-employee awards based on the straight-line method over the requisite service period of each award.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock options granted as equity awards using a Black-Scholes options pricing model. The option-pricing model requires a number of assumptions, of which the most significant are share price, expected volatility and the expected option term (the time from the grant date until the options are exercised or expire). Expected volatility is estimated based on volatility of similar companies in the technology sector. The Company has historically not paid dividends and has no foreseeable plans to issue dividends. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield from governmental zero-coupon bonds with an equivalent term. The expected option term is calculated for options granted to employees and directors using the “simplified” method. Grants to non-employees are based on the contractual term. Changes in the determination of each of the inputs can affect the fair value of the options granted and the results of operations of the Company.

Basic and diluted net loss per share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year, plus the number of common shares that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive ordinary shares had been issued, using the treasury stock method, in accordance with ASC 260-10 “Earnings per Share”. Potentially dilutive common shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share for all periods presented due to their anti-dilutive effect due to losses in each period.

Research and development expenses, net

Research and development expenses are charged to the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss as incurred. Grants received for funding of approved research and development projects are recognized at the time the Company is entitled to such grants, on the basis of the costs incurred expenses.

Patent costs

Costs incurred in connection with acquiring patent rights and the protection of proprietary technologies are charged to expense as incurred.

Liabilities due to termination of employment agreements

Under Israeli employment laws, employees of Motus Ltd. are included under Article 14 of the Severance Compensation Act, 1963 (“Article 14”) for a portion of their salaries. According to Article 14, these employees are entitled to monthly deposits made by Motus Ltd. on their behalf with insurance companies.

Payments in accordance with Article 14 release Motus Ltd. from any future severance payments (under the Israeli Severance Compensation Act, 1963) with respect of those employees. The aforementioned deposits are not recorded as an asset in the Company’s balance sheet, and there is no liability recorded as the Company does not have a future obligation to make any additional payments.

Income taxes

The Company provides for income taxes using the asset and liability approach. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities and the tax rates in effect when these differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had a full valuation allowance against deferred tax assets. 

The Company is subject to the provisions of ASC 740-10-25, Income Taxes (ASC 740). ASC 740 prescribes a more likely-than-not threshold for the financial statement recognition of uncertain tax positions. ASC 740 clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing a minimum recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. On a quarterly basis, the Company undergoes a process to evaluate whether income tax accruals are in accordance with ASC 740 guidance on uncertain tax positions. There are currently no open Federal or State audits. The Company has not recorded any liability for uncertain tax positions at December 31, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), enacted on December 22, 2017, among other things, permanently lowered the statutory federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, effective for tax years including or beginning January 1, 2018. Under the guidance of ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), the Company reduced its gross deferred tax assets and corresponding valuation allowance by approximately $0.4 million on the date of enactment based on the reduction in the overall future tax benefit expected to be realized at the lower tax rate implemented by the new legislation. Although in the normal course of business the Company is required to make estimates and assumptions for certain tax items which cannot be fully determined at period end, the Company did not identify items for which the income tax effects of the Tax Act have not been completed as of December 31, 2017 and, therefore, considers its accounting for the tax effects of the Tax Act on its deferred tax assets and liabilities to be complete as of December 31, 2017.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded zero income tax expense. No tax benefit has been recorded in relation to the pre-tax loss for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, due to a full valuation allowance to offset any deferred tax asset related to net operating loss carry forwards attributable to the losses.

Fair value of financial instruments

The Company accounts for financial instruments in accordance with ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 820 are described below:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

Level 2 – Quoted prices in non-active markets or in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, observable inputs other than quoted prices, and inputs that are not directly observable but are corroborated by observable market data;

Level 3 – Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

There were no changes in the fair value hierarchy leveling during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The following table summarizes the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis, by level within the fair value hierarchy, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:

Financial instruments with carrying values approximating fair value include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and certain other current liabilities, due to their short-term nature.

Contingent Royalty Obligation

In estimating the fair value of the Company’s contingent royalty obligation (see Note 7), the Company used the discounted cash flow method as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Based on the fair value hierarchy, the Company classified contingent royalty obligation within Level 3 because valuation inputs are based on projected revenues discounted to a present value.

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the estimated fair value of the Company’s Level 3 contingent royalty obligation for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

The contingent royalty obligation is re-measured at each balance sheet date using the following assumptions as of December 31, 2018 and 2017: 1) Discount rate of 20%, and 2) rate of royalty payment of 3%.

In accordance with ASC-820-10-50-2(g), the Company performed a sensitivity analysis of the liability, which was classified as a Level 3 financial instrument. The Company recalculated the fair value of the liability by applying a +/- 2% change to the input variable in the discounted cash flow model; the discount rate. A 2% decrease in the discount rate would increase the liability by approximately $210 and a 2% increase in the discount rate would decrease the liability by approximately $185.

Recent accounting standards

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both lessees and lessors. Originally, entities were required to adopt ASU 2016-02 using a modified retrospective approach at the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements and the recognition of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. The FASB subsequently issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-10 and Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11 in July 2018, which provide clarifications and improvements to ASU 2016-02 (collectively, the “new lease standard”). Accounting Standards Update No. 2018-11 also provides the optional transition method which allows companies to apply the new lease standard at the adoption date instead of at the earliest comparative period presented and continue to apply the provisions of the previous lease standard in its annual disclosures for the comparative periods. The new lease standard requires lessees to present a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability on the balance sheet. Lessor accounting is substantially unchanged compared to the current accounting guidance. Additional footnote disclosures related to leases will also be required.

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted the new lease standard using the optional transition method. The comparative financial information will not be restated and will continue to be reported under the previous lease standard in effect during those periods. In addition, the new lease standard provides a number of optional practical expedients in transition. The Company elected the package of practical expedients. As such, the Company will not reassess whether expired or existing contracts are or contain a lease; will not need to reassess the lease classifications or reassess the initial direct costs associated with expired or existing leases. The Company did not elect the use-of-hindsight or the practical expedient pertaining to land easements; the latter not being applicable to the Company.

The new lease standard also provides practical expedients for an entity’s ongoing accounting. The Company elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all leases that qualify. This means, for those leases that qualify, the Company will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities, and this includes not recognizing ROU assets or lease liabilities for existing short-term leases of those assets in transition. The Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for certain classes of assets (office buildings).

On January 1, 2019, the Company expects to recognize right of use assets and lease liabilities in the range of approximately $800-$1,100 and no adjustment to the accumulated deficit. The Company does not expect the adoption of the new lease standard to impact its consolidated statement of comprehensive loss or its consolidated statement of cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses” to improve information on credit losses for financial assets and net investment in leases that are not accounted for at fair value through net income. The ASU replaces the current incurred loss impairment methodology with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses. The ASU is effective for the Company in the first quarter of 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the adoption of this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18 “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash” which requires that restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents be included as components of total cash and cash equivalents as presented on the statement of cash flows. This amendment is effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2017 for public entities. The Company adopted the guidance in the first quarter of 2018 on a retrospective basis. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting,” which clarifies when a change to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as a modification. The new guidance requires modification accounting if the vesting condition, fair value or the award classification is not the same both before and after a change to the terms and conditions of the award. The new guidance was adopted by the Company on January 1, 2018, on a prospective basis. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting”, which simplifies the accounting for nonemployee share-based payment transactions. The amendments specify that Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The Company will adopt ASU 2018-07 effective January 1, 2019, and the adoption of this ASU will not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “Changes to Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurements”, which will improve the effectiveness of disclosure requirements for recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurements. The standard removes, modifies, and adds certain disclosure requirements, and is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company will be evaluating the impact this standard will have on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.